Interaction of root exudates with nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne and other microorganisms in the rhizosphere.

Abstract

Plants establish fundamental interactions with a wide diversity of organisms-particularly relevant in horticultural production systems. Within the rhizosphere, roots create a highly dynamic and vital environment where beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms coexist. Among these biotic agents, nematodes of the phylum Nemata (syn. Nematoda) are predominant in agroecosystems, and root-knot nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne rank among the most damaging and economically significant plant-parasitic nematodes worldwide, causing substantial losses in horticultural crops. As a defensive response, plants deploy root-based strategies grounded in their secondary metabolism, synthesizing and often exuding diverse bioactive compounds, including semiochemicals, that contribute to pathogen protection. Flavonoids are especially noteworthy for their wide structural diversity and functional roles closely linked to plant physiology, growth, and development. Nevertheless, current understanding of how to harness the defensive potential of secondary-metabolite-derived root exudates for effective management of these phytoparasites remains limited. This review synthesizes key information on plant–microorganism interactions in the rhizosphere, emphasizing the relevance of these compounds for pest and disease management as well as crop improvement, and it highlights critical knowledge gaps that must be addressed to develop more efficient and sustainable management strategies in horticulture